Bridge Functions

The Bridge Functions module provides cross-chain interoperability capabilities for the Gemforce platform, enabling asset transfers and data synchronization between different blockchain networks.

Overview

The Bridge Functions provide:

  • Cross-Chain Transfers: Transfer assets between supported networks
  • State Synchronization: Sync contract state across chains
  • Event Bridging: Bridge events and notifications between networks
  • Liquidity Management: Manage cross-chain liquidity pools
  • Validation: Verify cross-chain transactions and state changes

Key Features

Cross-Chain Asset Transfer

  • Token Bridging: Transfer ERC20, ERC721, and ERC1155 tokens
  • Native Asset Support: Bridge native network tokens
  • Batch Transfers: Efficient batch transfer operations
  • Fee Management: Automatic bridge fee calculation and collection

State Synchronization

  • Contract State Sync: Synchronize diamond contract state
  • Event Mirroring: Mirror events across supported networks
  • Data Consistency: Ensure data consistency across chains
  • Conflict Resolution: Handle state conflicts and discrepancies

Security Features

  • Multi-Signature Validation: Require multiple validators for transfers
  • Time Locks: Implement time delays for large transfers
  • Rate Limiting: Prevent excessive transfer volumes
  • Fraud Detection: Monitor for suspicious transfer patterns

Supported Networks

Mainnet Networks

  • Ethereum: Primary network for high-value transfers
  • Polygon: Fast and low-cost transfers
  • Optimism: Layer 2 scaling solution
  • Arbitrum: High-throughput Layer 2 network

Testnet Networks

  • Sepolia: Ethereum testnet
  • BaseSepolia: Base network testnet
  • OptimismSepolia: Optimism testnet
  • Mumbai: Polygon testnet

Core Functions

initiateBridgeTransfer()

Initiates a cross-chain asset transfer.

Parameters:

interface BridgeTransferRequest {
  fromNetwork: string;
  toNetwork: string;
  tokenAddress: string;
  tokenType: 'ERC20' | 'ERC721' | 'ERC1155' | 'NATIVE';
  amount: string;
  tokenId?: string;
  recipient: string;
  metadata?: any;
}

Returns:

interface BridgeTransferResponse {
  success: boolean;
  transferId: string;
  estimatedTime: number;
  bridgeFee: string;
  message: string;
}

Usage:

const result = await Parse.Cloud.run('initiateBridgeTransfer', {
  fromNetwork: 'ethereum',
  toNetwork: 'polygon',
  tokenAddress: '0x...',
  tokenType: 'ERC20',
  amount: '1000000000000000000', // 1 token
  recipient: '0x...'
});

getBridgeStatus()

Retrieves the status of a bridge transfer.

Parameters:

interface BridgeStatusRequest {
  transferId: string;
}

Returns:

interface BridgeStatusResponse {
  success: boolean;
  status: 'pending' | 'confirmed' | 'completed' | 'failed';
  confirmations: number;
  requiredConfirmations: number;
  estimatedCompletion?: Date;
  txHash?: string;
  message: string;
}

validateBridgeTransfer()

Validates a bridge transfer for security and compliance.

Parameters:

interface BridgeValidationRequest {
  transferId: string;
  validatorSignature: string;
}

Returns:

interface BridgeValidationResponse {
  success: boolean;
  validated: boolean;
  validatorCount: number;
  requiredValidators: number;
  message: string;
}

getBridgeLiquidity()

Retrieves current liquidity information for bridge operations.

Parameters:

interface BridgeLiquidityRequest {
  network: string;
  tokenAddress: string;
}

Returns:

interface BridgeLiquidityResponse {
  success: boolean;
  availableLiquidity: string;
  totalLiquidity: string;
  utilizationRate: number;
  message: string;
}

Implementation Example

Cross-Chain Token Transfer

Parse.Cloud.define('initiateBridgeTransfer', async (request) => {
  const { fromNetwork, toNetwork, tokenAddress, tokenType, amount, tokenId, recipient, metadata } = request.params;
  const user = request.user;

  if (!user) {
    throw new Error('Authentication required');
  }

  try {
    // Validate networks
    if (!isSupportedNetwork(fromNetwork) || !isSupportedNetwork(toNetwork)) {
      throw new Error('Unsupported network');
    }

    // Validate transfer parameters
    await validateTransferParams({
      fromNetwork,
      toNetwork,
      tokenAddress,
      tokenType,
      amount,
      tokenId,
      recipient
    });

    // Check user balance and allowance
    const balanceCheck = await checkUserBalance(user.id, fromNetwork, tokenAddress, amount, tokenId);
    if (!balanceCheck.sufficient) {
      throw new Error('Insufficient balance or allowance');
    }

    // Calculate bridge fee
    const bridgeFee = await calculateBridgeFee(fromNetwork, toNetwork, tokenType, amount);

    // Check bridge liquidity
    const liquidityCheck = await checkBridgeLiquidity(toNetwork, tokenAddress, amount);
    if (!liquidityCheck.sufficient) {
      throw new Error('Insufficient bridge liquidity');
    }

    // Create transfer record
    const transferId = generateTransferId();
    const transfer = new Parse.Object('BridgeTransfer');
    transfer.set('transferId', transferId);
    transfer.set('user', user);
    transfer.set('fromNetwork', fromNetwork);
    transfer.set('toNetwork', toNetwork);
    transfer.set('tokenAddress', tokenAddress);
    transfer.set('tokenType', tokenType);
    transfer.set('amount', amount);
    transfer.set('tokenId', tokenId);
    transfer.set('recipient', recipient);
    transfer.set('bridgeFee', bridgeFee);
    transfer.set('status', 'pending');
    transfer.set('metadata', metadata);
    transfer.set('createdAt', new Date());

    await transfer.save();

    // Lock tokens on source network
    const lockResult = await lockTokensOnSource({
      network: fromNetwork,
      tokenAddress,
      tokenType,
      amount,
      tokenId,
      user: user.get('walletAddress'),
      transferId
    });

    if (!lockResult.success) {
      transfer.set('status', 'failed');
      transfer.set('errorMessage', lockResult.message);
      await transfer.save();
      throw new Error('Failed to lock tokens');
    }

    transfer.set('sourceTxHash', lockResult.txHash);
    transfer.set('status', 'locked');
    await transfer.save();

    // Initiate validation process
    await initiateValidationProcess(transferId);

    return {
      success: true,
      transferId,
      estimatedTime: calculateEstimatedTime(fromNetwork, toNetwork),
      bridgeFee,
      message: 'Bridge transfer initiated successfully'
    };

  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Bridge transfer error:', error);
    return {
      success: false,
      message: error.message || 'Bridge transfer failed'
    };
  }
});

Bridge Validation System

Parse.Cloud.define('validateBridgeTransfer', async (request) => {
  const { transferId, validatorSignature } = request.params;
  const validator = request.user;

  if (!validator || !isAuthorizedValidator(validator.id)) {
    throw new Error('Unauthorized validator');
  }

  try {
    // Get transfer record
    const transferQuery = new Parse.Query('BridgeTransfer');
    transferQuery.equalTo('transferId', transferId);
    const transfer = await transferQuery.first({ useMasterKey: true });

    if (!transfer) {
      throw new Error('Transfer not found');
    }

    if (transfer.get('status') !== 'locked') {
      throw new Error('Transfer not ready for validation');
    }

    // Verify validator signature
    const isValidSignature = await verifyValidatorSignature(
      transferId,
      validatorSignature,
      validator.get('validatorAddress')
    );

    if (!isValidSignature) {
      throw new Error('Invalid validator signature');
    }

    // Check if validator already validated this transfer
    const existingValidation = await new Parse.Query('BridgeValidation')
      .equalTo('transferId', transferId)
      .equalTo('validator', validator)
      .first({ useMasterKey: true });

    if (existingValidation) {
      throw new Error('Transfer already validated by this validator');
    }

    // Create validation record
    const validation = new Parse.Object('BridgeValidation');
    validation.set('transferId', transferId);
    validation.set('validator', validator);
    validation.set('signature', validatorSignature);
    validation.set('validatedAt', new Date());
    await validation.save();

    // Check if we have enough validations
    const validationCount = await new Parse.Query('BridgeValidation')
      .equalTo('transferId', transferId)
      .count({ useMasterKey: true });

    const requiredValidators = getRequiredValidatorCount(transfer.get('amount'));

    if (validationCount >= requiredValidators) {
      // Sufficient validations, proceed with minting on destination
      await completeBridgeTransfer(transferId);
    }

    return {
      success: true,
      validated: true,
      validatorCount: validationCount,
      requiredValidators,
      message: 'Transfer validated successfully'
    };

  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Bridge validation error:', error);
    return {
      success: false,
      message: error.message || 'Validation failed'
    };
  }
});

Bridge Completion

async function completeBridgeTransfer(transferId: string) {
  try {
    // Get transfer record
    const transferQuery = new Parse.Query('BridgeTransfer');
    transferQuery.equalTo('transferId', transferId);
    const transfer = await transferQuery.first({ useMasterKey: true });

    if (!transfer) {
      throw new Error('Transfer not found');
    }

    // Mint tokens on destination network
    const mintResult = await mintTokensOnDestination({
      network: transfer.get('toNetwork'),
      tokenAddress: transfer.get('tokenAddress'),
      tokenType: transfer.get('tokenType'),
      amount: transfer.get('amount'),
      tokenId: transfer.get('tokenId'),
      recipient: transfer.get('recipient'),
      transferId
    });

    if (!mintResult.success) {
      transfer.set('status', 'failed');
      transfer.set('errorMessage', mintResult.message);
      await transfer.save();

      // Initiate refund process
      await initiateRefund(transferId);
      return;
    }

    // Update transfer status
    transfer.set('status', 'completed');
    transfer.set('destinationTxHash', mintResult.txHash);
    transfer.set('completedAt', new Date());
    await transfer.save();

    // Send completion notification
    await sendBridgeCompletionNotification(transfer);

    // Update bridge statistics
    await updateBridgeStats(transfer);

  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Bridge completion error:', error);

    // Mark transfer as failed and initiate refund
    const transfer = await new Parse.Query('BridgeTransfer')
      .equalTo('transferId', transferId)
      .first({ useMasterKey: true });

    if (transfer) {
      transfer.set('status', 'failed');
      transfer.set('errorMessage', error.message);
      await transfer.save();

      await initiateRefund(transferId);
    }
  }
}

Security Features

Multi-Signature Validation

function getRequiredValidatorCount(amount: string): number {
  const amountBN = new Parse.Cloud.BigNumber(amount);

  // Require more validators for larger amounts
  if (amountBN.gte('1000000000000000000000')) { // >= 1000 tokens
    return 5;
  } else if (amountBN.gte('100000000000000000000')) { // >= 100 tokens
    return 3;
  } else {
    return 2;
  }
}

async function verifyValidatorSignature(
  transferId: string,
  signature: string,
  validatorAddress: string
): Promise<boolean> {
  try {
    // Reconstruct the message that should have been signed
    const message = `bridge_transfer_${transferId}`;
    const messageHash = Parse.Cloud.keccak256(message);

    // Recover signer address from signature
    const recoveredAddress = Parse.Cloud.recoverAddress(messageHash, signature);

    return recoveredAddress.toLowerCase() === validatorAddress.toLowerCase();
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Signature verification error:', error);
    return false;
  }
}

Rate Limiting and Fraud Detection

async function validateTransferParams(params: any): Promise<void> {
  const { fromNetwork, toNetwork, tokenAddress, amount, recipient } = params;

  // Check daily transfer limits
  const dailyLimit = await getDailyTransferLimit(fromNetwork, toNetwork);
  const dailyVolume = await getDailyTransferVolume(fromNetwork, toNetwork);

  if (dailyVolume.plus(amount).gt(dailyLimit)) {
    throw new Error('Daily transfer limit exceeded');
  }

  // Check recipient address
  if (!isValidAddress(recipient)) {
    throw new Error('Invalid recipient address');
  }

  // Check for suspicious patterns
  const suspiciousActivity = await detectSuspiciousActivity(params);
  if (suspiciousActivity.detected) {
    throw new Error(`Suspicious activity detected: ${suspiciousActivity.reason}`);
  }

  // Validate token contract
  const tokenValidation = await validateTokenContract(fromNetwork, tokenAddress);
  if (!tokenValidation.valid) {
    throw new Error('Invalid or unsupported token contract');
  }
}

async function detectSuspiciousActivity(params: any): Promise<{ detected: boolean; reason?: string }> {
  // Check for rapid successive transfers
  const recentTransfers = await new Parse.Query('BridgeTransfer')
    .equalTo('user', Parse.User.current())
    .greaterThan('createdAt', new Date(Date.now() - 300000)) // Last 5 minutes
    .count({ useMasterKey: true });

  if (recentTransfers > 5) {
    return { detected: true, reason: 'Too many transfers in short time period' };
  }

  // Check for unusual amounts
  const amountBN = new Parse.Cloud.BigNumber(params.amount);
  const userHistory = await getUserTransferHistory(Parse.User.current().id);

  if (amountBN.gt('1000000000000000000000') && userHistory.unusualAmountCount > 3) { // 1000 tokens
    return { detected: true, reason: 'Unusually high transfer amount' };
  }

  // Check for transfers to blacklisted addresses
  const blacklistedAddresses = await getBlacklistedAddresses();
  if (blacklistedAddresses.includes(params.recipient)) {
    return { detected: true, reason: 'Transfer to blacklisted address' };
  }

  return { detected: false };
}

async function getBlacklistedAddresses(): Promise<string[]> {
  // Mock function to retrieve blacklisted addresses
  // In a real scenario, this would fetch from a database or a service
  return ['0xdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeefdeadbeef', '0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef12345678'];
}

async function getDailyTransferLimit(fromNetwork: string, toNetwork: string): Promise<Parse.Cloud.BigNumber> {
  // Mock function for daily transfer limit
  // Limits would be configurable per network pair
  return new Parse.Cloud.BigNumber('100000000000000000000000'); // 100,000 tokens
}

async function getDailyTransferVolume(fromNetwork: string, toNetwork: string): Promise<Parse.Cloud.BigNumber> {
  // Mock function for current daily transfer volume
  // This would aggregate actual transfer data
  return new Parse.Cloud.BigNumber('50000000000000000000000'); // 50,000 tokens
}

async function validateTokenContract(network: string, tokenAddress: string): Promise<{ valid: boolean }> {
  // Mock function to validate token contract
  // This would verify if the token is known and supported
  return { valid: true };
}

async function getUserTransferHistory(userId: string): Promise<{ unusualAmountCount: number }> {
    // Mock function for user transfer history
    return { unusualAmountCount: 1 };
}

Liquidity Pool Operations

async function checkBridgeLiquidity(toNetwork: string, tokenAddress: string, amount: string): Promise<{ sufficient: boolean }> {
  // This would query the liquidity pools for the destination network and token
  // and compare with the requested amount.
  const requiredLiquidity = new Parse.Cloud.BigNumber(amount);
  const availableLiquidity = await _fetchAvailableLiquidity(toNetwork, tokenAddress);

  return { sufficient: availableLiquidity.gte(requiredLiquidity) };
}

async function _fetchAvailableLiquidity(network: string, tokenAddress: string): Promise<Parse.Cloud.BigNumber> {
  // Mock function to fetch available liquidity
  // In a real system, this would interact with on-chain liquidity pools or an off-chain oracle
  return new Parse.Cloud.BigNumber('50000000000000000000000'); // Example: 50,000 tokens
}

async function calculateBridgeFee(fromNetwork: string, toNetwork: string, tokenType: string, amount: string): Promise<string> {
  // Mock function to calculate bridge fee
  // Fee logic can be complex: fixed, percentage, dynamic based on network congestion, etc.
  const feeRate = 0.001; // 0.1%
  const fee = new Parse.Cloud.BigNumber(amount).multipliedBy(feeRate).toFixed(0);
  return fee;
}

async function lockTokensOnSource(params: any): Promise<{ success: boolean; txHash?: string; message?: string }> {
  // In a real system, this would interact with smart contracts on the source chain
  // to lock or burn tokens, or a multi-sig wallet to manage them.
  console.log(`Locking ${params.amount} of ${params.tokenType} ${params.tokenAddress} on ${params.network}`);
  return { success: true, txHash: '0xmockSourceTxHash' + Math.random().toString(16).slice(2) };
}

async function mintTokensOnDestination(params: any): Promise<{ success: boolean; txHash?: string; message?: string }> {
  // In a real system, this would interact with smart contracts on the destination chain
  // to mint or release tokens.
  console.log(`Minting ${params.amount} of ${params.tokenType} ${params.tokenAddress} on ${params.network}`);
  return { success: true, txHash: '0xmockDestTxHash' + Math.random().toString(16).slice(2) };
}

async function initiateRefund(transferId: string): Promise<void> {
  console.log(`Initiating refund for transfer: ${transferId}`);
  // Logic to refund sender on source chain if destination minting failed
}

async function sendBridgeCompletionNotification(transfer: Parse.Object): Promise<void> {
  console.log(`Sending completion notification for transfer: ${transfer.id}`);
  // Logic to notify user via email, webhook, etc.
}

async function updateBridgeStats(transfer: Parse.Object): Promise<void> {
  console.log(`Updating bridge statistics for transfer: ${transfer.id}`);
  // Logic to update dashboard metrics, total volume, etc.
}

async function isSupportedNetwork(network: string): Promise<boolean> {
  // Mock function to check if network is supported
  const supportedNetworks = ['ethereum', 'polygon', 'optimism', 'arbitrum', 'sepolia', 'baseSepolia', 'optimismSepolia', 'mumbai'];
  return supportedNetworks.includes(network);
}

async function getProvider(network: string): Promise<any> {
    // Mock function to get web3 provider for a network
    return {};
}

async function getSigner(privateKey: string, network: string): Promise<any> {
    // Mock function to get web3 signer for a network
    return {};
}

Common Errors

  • Insufficient Liquidity: The bridge does not have enough funds to fulfill the transfer on the destination network.
  • Invalid Parameters: Missing or invalid tokenAddress, amount, recipient, or network IDs.
  • Rate Limit Exceeded: The requesting application has exceeded its allowed number of bridge requests.
  • Authentication Required: User is not authenticated to perform the bridge operation.
  • Unauthorized Validator: The user attempting to validate a transfer is not an authorized validator.

Error Recovery

  • Retry with Backoff: For transient network issues or rate limits, implement exponential backoff.
  • Liquidity Alerts: Monitor liquidity pools and trigger alerts if thresholds are crossed.
  • Manual Intervention: Implement procedures for manual intervention for failed transfers (e.g., refunds, re-submissions).

Frontend Integration

import React, { useState } from 'react';
import { Parse } from 'parse'; // Assuming Parse SDK is initialized

interface BridgeFormProps {
  onBridgeComplete: (transferId: string) => void;
}

const BridgeForm: React.FC<BridgeFormProps> = ({ onBridgeComplete }) => {
  const [fromNetwork, setFromNetwork] = useState('');
  const [toNetwork, setToNetwork] = useState('');
  const [tokenAddress, setTokenAddress] = useState('');
  const [amount, setAmount] = useState('');
  const [recipient, setRecipient] = useState('');
  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
  const [error, setError] = useState('');

  const handleSubmit = async (event: React.FormEvent) => {
    event.preventDefault();
    setLoading(true);
    setError('');

    try {
      const result = await Parse.Cloud.run('initiateBridgeTransfer', {
        fromNetwork,
        toNetwork,
        tokenAddress,
        amount,
        recipient,
        tokenType: 'ERC20' // Example
      });

      if (result.success) {
        onBridgeComplete(result.transferId);
      } else {
        setError(result.message || 'Bridge initiation failed.');
      }
    } catch (err: any) {
      setError(err.message || 'An unexpected error occurred.');
    } finally {
      setLoading(false);
    }
  };

  return (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
      {/* Form fields for networks, amount, recipient */}
      <button type="submit" disabled={loading}>
        {loading ? 'Initiating...' : 'Bridge Assets'}
      </button>
      {error && <p style={{ color: 'red' }}>{error}</p>}
    </form>
  );
};

export default BridgeForm;

Best Practices

Security Guidelines

  1. Audits: Regularly audit bridge smart contracts and off-chain logic.
  2. Monitoring: Implement robust monitoring for suspicious activity and liquidity levels.
  3. Access Control: Strictly limit access to bridge-related administrative functions.
  4. Key Management: Securely manage private keys used for signing bridge transactions.
  5. Emergency Pause: Implement a mechanism to pause bridge operations in case of critical vulnerabilities.

Development Guidelines

  1. Idempotency: Ensure bridge operations are idempotent to prevent double-spending or incorrect state updates on retries.
  2. Error Handling: Implement comprehensive error handling and logging for all stages of the bridge process.
  3. Scalability: Design for scalability to handle increasing transaction volumes.
  4. Testability: Write extensive unit and integration tests for all bridge components.
  5. Observability: Integrate with monitoring and logging systems to track bridge health and performance.